QBmK5UAc584/hqdefault.jpg' alt='Blacks And The Crack Epidemic Of The 1980S' title='Blacks And The Crack Epidemic Of The 1980S' />Chapter 7 Ethnographic Drug Studies.TECHNOLOGIES FOR UNDERSTANDING AND PREVENTING SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ADDICTION US Government Office of Technology Assessment.October 1. 8, 1. 99.CHAPTER 7 ETHNOGRAPHIC DRUG STUDIES Ethnographic techniques allow researchers to study how environmental and cultural.Historically. ethnography has roots in both anthropology and sociology see box 7 1.ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUG USE Since the 1.Many of the. nations social issues were in one way or another associated with drug use poverty, urban.BACK in the 1980s and early 1990s, when Dante Barksdale was playing the game in Baltimoredealing drugs, toting guns, making some moneythere was a process to.AIDS transmission.Research conducted by anthropologists and qualitative sociologists was.By the. mid 1. 97.United States. 6.Alcohol Nineteenth century and early twentieth century anthropologists conducted comprehensive.This extensive but generally unfocused documentation provided data for later.The contribution of ethnographic studies conducted outside the United States was to.The findings from one such.Bolivia during 1.United States. For example, virtually all of the Camba of.Bolivia drink to the point of passing out, at least twice a month.Although. These data along with findings from research on four other societies the Aritama of.Colombia, the Ifaluk of Micronesia, the Takashima of Japan, and the town of Juxtlahuaca in.Oaxaca, Mexico, support the view that the experiential effect of alcohol is socially.Each of these societies possessed distinct messages regarding the use of.In contrast, individuals in modern societies are.Drinking. habits and behaviors within the United States vary enormously.Since the 1. 97. 0s, ethnographic research on alcohol use in the United States has.American drinking patterns.Some ethnographers have focused on specific subcultures defined by their problematic.Other ethnographers have focused on alcohol beliefs and behaviors in.Heroin The majority of ethnography studies conducted in the 1.Several of these studies challenged the accepted perception that heroin provides an.Researchers. documented drug use as a way of life, rather than just as an escape from life.Two such. articles, based on three years of field work in Oakland, California, detailed several.Varying levels of prestige were associated.Another study in New York City, New York, in the late 1.The data. revealed that, regardless of ethnic background, in poor neighborhoods there are.Simply put. movement into heroin use was one route to becoming a somebody in the eyes of the.Later articles. elaborated on the idea of so called street status.Based on 4 years of research, a.The use of. drugs perceived by the group to be risky, increased a users personal status within that.The researcher concluded that reliance on legal sanctions and scare tactics to.Cocaine and Crack Although ethnographers noted that cocaine use was on the rise among some middle class.While some of these early users, many of whom were white, progressed from experimental.Several years later, though, middle class users with.During this same time period, cocaine smuggling escalated.Within low income.In New York City, ethnographers.In a series of ethno historical articles, Ansley Hamid documented the history of.New York City. Among the elements identified as central to the widespread diffusion of crack smoking was.Rastafarian marijuana distributors into the cocaine trade.Hamid believes the rise and fall of.A 1. 99. 2 study of crack use focused on the children of crack users.It found that the.African American community, a major source of stability.Further. children exposed to drug taking behavior by adults may be more likely to display similar.In one family headed by a 6.Hallucinogens Most ethnographic studies of hallucinogens and mind altering drugs e.Anthropologists have uniformly.If one defines abuse as use of a drug in such.Other than scattered studies of hallucinogenic drug use among hippies 1.American society.However, the persistent use of lysergic acid diethylamide LSD by some.Marijuana As with hallucinogens, most of the ethnographic research on marijuana use has been.United States. Much of it was initiated in the 1.American youth led researchers to question the social.Research was. conducted in countries in which marijuana use was long standing and widespread, such as.Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Jamaica, Mexico, Rwanda, and South Africa 1.In Jamaica, for example, anthropologists Vera Rubin and Lambros Comitas directed a.Their controversial findings were that none.United States could be found among Jamaican users.There is no evidence of any causal relationship between cannabis use and mental.Jamaica. produces an apathetic, indolent class of people.In fact, the ganja complex provides an.Jamaicans cope with limited life chances in a harsh.Other than a few studies of middle class users 1.African American.U. S. ethnographic research on marijuana use in the United.States has been generally lacking, despite the fact that marijuana has been the most.Phencyclidine PCP An ethnographic study in 1.PCP users is frequently cited for its substantive.Initiating the study when PCP use was believed to be spreading among white working class.National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA contracted for.PCP users not in treatment.After 3 months of working in.Miami, Florida, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Chicago, Illinois, and Seattle, Washington.They found. that it was relatively rare for a young person to use PCP exclusively.Use occurred mainly.The young people studied were very knowledgeable about drug effects and understood that.PCP drug experience varied dramatically with dosage.Low doses of the drug were.LSD, or. sedating like barbiturates.What concerned regular PCP users was not the acute adverse.As burnout became apparent. Adobe Jenson Mm Free Download . PCP use. Within this.The study suggested that a significant gap existed between official agencies.When PCP use. increased dramatically in the mid 1.PCP as a separate drug.When the official agencies.PCP, their prevention efforts were viewed by users as.Ethnographers attribute the eventual decline in PCP use to.SOCIAL CONTEXT OF DRUG USE Specificity in Drug Abuse Research As more questions are asked about alcohol and other drug use, it becomes clear that.There is no generic pattern of drug use rather.Quantitative researchers frequently use ethnic categories to increase study.While studies on different ethnic groups are useful, often the definitions of.Moreover, most of the.In contrast. most ethnographers view culture as a dynamic process through which individuals and.Many recent ethnographic studies focus on socially meaningful units in which members.For example, a recent book on drug use.Hispanics included ethnographic accounts of Cuban so called streetside drug use in.Miami, Florida, drug use among male and female gang members from the East Los Angeles.California, barrios, and drug use and dealing among low income Puerto Ricans in New York.City, New York, and Chicago, Illinois.Inclusiveness in Drug Abuse Research One drawback of studying increasingly specific drug using communities is losing sight.Ethnographic drug studies at times fail to link the customs of the.A way that both highlights and critiques the contribution of ethnography.In the ethnographic literature, four basic patterns appear o Individuals who use drugs with others who share an identification with a lifestyle or.Individuals who use drugs with others who share an identification with a lifestyle or.Individuals who use drugs with friends and acquaintances, but there is no.Individuals who use drugs by themselves while maintaining self identification with a.Drug Use Within a Drug Subculture Numerous studies have documented that, for pragmatic and social reasons, individuals.Over time a subculture develops with specialized knowledge, norms, and.Individuals think of themselves as belonging to the subculture, and others.Where subcultures exist, social psychological barriers separate.It has often been noted, for example, that for.As one heroin user.I always refer to myself as a junkie, even when Im not hooked on anything.And when. youre introduced to somebody for the first time the first thing you find out is whether.Its like belonging to some fantastic lodge, you know, but the.However, even within a drug using subculture variations exist, especially with regard.This difference was emphasized by a 3.New York City. And you get the abuser, hes a.Hes the one who sits in the drug house and shoots all day long.Thats an. abuser.
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